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In the universities of Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin, Bachelors of Arts with Honours of these universities are promoted to the degree of Master of Arts or Master in Arts (MA) on application after six or seven years' seniority as members of the university (including years as an undergraduate). As such, it is an academic rank, and not a postgraduate qualification and no further examination or study is required for this promotion. This practice differs from most other universities worldwide, at which the degree reflects further postgraduate study or achievement. These degrees are therefore sometimes referred to as the Oxford and Cambridge MA and the Dublin or Trinity MA, to draw attention to the difference.〔See for instance a reader's letter to ''The Times'': (), an ''Independent'' article () and an article in ''The Oxford Student'' ()〕 However, like a postgraduate degree from another university, once incepted and promoted to a Master, the graduate no longer wears the academic dress or uses the post-nominal letters pertaining to a Bachelor of Arts, being no longer of that rank: i.e. the Master of Arts degree is not awarded separately (for instance, in addition to that of Bachelor of Arts), but rather the new rank is rather treated as a conversion of one degree to another. All three universities have other masters (i.e. postgraduate) degrees that require further study and examination, but these have other titles, such as Master of Letters (MLitt), Master of Philosophy (MPhil), Master of Studies (MSt), Master of Engineering (MEng), and Master of Science (MSc). In the ancient universities of Scotland, a degree with the same name is awarded as a first degree to graduates in certain subjects (see ''Master of Arts''). ==Initials== Masters of Arts of the three universities may use the post-nominal letters "MA". Although honours are awarded for the examinations leading to the BA degree (hence "BA(Hons)"), it is technically incorrect to use the style "MA (Hons)" as there is no examination for the MA degree. The abbreviated name of the university (Oxon, Cantab or Dubl) is therefore almost always appended in parentheses to the initials "MA" in the same way that it is to higher degrees, e.g. "John Smith, MA (Cantab), PhD (Lond)", principally so that it is clear (to those who are aware of the system) that these are nominal and unexamined degrees. Postgraduate qualifications leading to an MA from any other university (i.e. an examined further degree) do not carry the name of the establishment afterwards, to further distinguish them from the Oxbridge and Dublin MA. Within the Oxford University Gazette only, all degrees are listed with the awarding establishment afterwards (not in parentheses), and to ensure that this style is not confused with the postnominals for the MA only, the convention at Oxford for abbreviating all degrees is "Oxf" rather than "Oxon", and "Camb" rather than "Cantab"; e.g., BA Oxf, MA Camb, PhD Lond. If someone incorporates from one of the above universities to another, the Latin ''et'' can be inserted between the university names, e.g. "MA(Oxon. et Cantab)", etc. as opposed to "MA(Oxon), MA (Cantab)" which would indicate that the holder graduated BA at both universities. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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